• Cell permeability allow direct measurement of apoptosis and mitochondrial potential in live cells.
• Applications - Cells can be analyzed by flow cytometry, 96 well plate reader or fluorescence microscope.
• Incubate for 15 minutes, wash and measure.
• Add this reagent directly to live cells in your media of choice.

Deficiency of the Cyclin Kinase inhibitor p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) Promotes Apoptosis of Activated/Memory T Cells, and inhibits spontaneous systemic Autoimmunity - J. Exp Medicine; Vol 199, Number 4, Feb 16 2004; 547-557

Defects in Cell Growth Regulation by C18:0-Ceramide and Longevity Assurance Gene 1 (LAG1) in Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC) - Serap Koybasi, Can E. Senkal, Kamala Sundararaj, et al. - JBC Papers in Press. Published on August 17, 2004 as Manuscript M406920200

Tocotrienol-induced cytotoxicity is unrelated tomitochondrial stress apoptotic signaling in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells - Sumit J. Shah and Paul W. Sylvester - Biochem. Cell Biol. Vol. 83, 2005

β Adrenergic receptor-stimulated apoptosis in adult cardiac myocytes involves MMP-2-mediated disruption of β₁ integrin signaling and mitochondrial pathway - Bindu Menon,Mahipal Singh, Robert Ross, Jennifer N. Johnson and Krishna Singh -   Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290: C254-C261, 2006. First published September 7, 2005

SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake protects intestinal epithelial cells against LPS-induced apoptosis and barrier defects: a novel cellular rescue mechanism? - Linda C. H. Yu Andrew N. Flynn, Jerrold R. Turner and Andre G. Buret- The FASEB Journal. 2005;19:1822-1835

Resveratrol-caused apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells is mediated via modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins - Moammir H. Aziz,Minakshi Nihal, Vivian X. Fu, David F.Jarrard and N Ahmad - Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5:1335-1341 

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2. Narita, M., Shimizu, S., Ito, T., Chittenden, T., Lutz, R. J., Matsuda, H., and Tsujimoto, Y. Bax interacts with the permeability transition pore to induce permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14681-14686 (1998).
3. Basanez, G., Nechushtan, A., Drozhinin, O., Chanturiya, A., Choe, E., Tutt, S., Wood, K. A., Hsu, Y. T., Zimmerberg, J., and Youle, R. J. Bax , but not Bcl-XL decreases the lifetime of planar phospholipid bilayer membranes at subnanomolar concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5492-5497 (1999).
4. Luo, X., Budihardio, I., Zou, H., Slaughter, C., and Wang, X. Bid, a Bcl-2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94: 481-490 (1998).
5. Smiley, S. T., Reers, M., Mottola-Hartshorn, C., Lin, M., Chen, A., Smith, T. W., Steele, G.D., and Chen, L. B. Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate forming lipophilic cation JC-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3671-3675 (1991).
6. Cossarizza, A., Baccarani-Contri, M., Kalashnikova, G., and Franceschi, C. A new method for the cytofluorimetric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using the J-aggregate forming lipophilic cation 5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197 (1): 40-45 (1993).
7. Reers, M., Smith, T. W., and Chen, L. B. J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantitative fluorescent indicator of membrane potential. Biochemistry 30: 4480-4486 (1991).
8. White, R. J., and Reynolds, I. J. Mitochondrial depolarization in glutamatestimulated neurons: an early signal specific to excitotoxin exposure. Journal of Neuroscience 16: 5688-5697 (1996).

• Lyophilized JC-1 Dye
• 10X Assay buffer